Optimal control theory for differential equations is a pivotal discipline that combines rigorous mathematical analysis with practical applications in engineering, economics, and the natural sciences.

Inverse optimal control (IOC) is an advanced methodological framework that seeks to deduce the underlying cost or reward functions based solely on the observation of optimal behaviour. Traditionally, ...

The Takagi--Sugeno (T--S) fuzzy descriptor system offers a promising avenue for controlling non-linear systems but lacks optimal control strategies. Moreover, while robust control methods have been ...